Block sequencing: effects on power output during all-out sprints in trained cyclists
Abstract
Objective: verify the effects of a concentrated block training of high-intensity interval training over the power responses in trained cyclists. Methods: 10 trained cyclists (VO2max 61 ± 5 ml/Kg/min; 33 ± 11 years; 177 ± 5 cm; 75 ± 6 Kg), performed an incremental test, followed by a consecutive 7-day period of high-intensity interval training of all-out sprints. The training sessions consisted of 10 sets of 3 sprints with 15, 30 and 45 seconds separated by pauses of a 1:5 proportion. Power output measures were made at days 1, 4 and 7. Results: Through the week, no differences were seen in mean power (MP) and peak power (PP) between days 1, 4 and 7 (p < 0,05). During all sessions, the MP and PP of the 15-second sprints were significantly higher than the 30 (p = 0,03) and 45 seconds (p < 0,0001), however, there were no differences between 30 and 45-second sprints. For the ten sets of sprints the PP was higher in the 2 first sets (p = 0,03), for MP, the 3 initial sets were higher than the others (p = 0,03). Conclusion: the present study showed that during a 7 day period of intense training of all out sprints there were no significant differences in the power output during the training sessions.
References
-Aubry, A.; Hausswirth, C.; Louis, J.; Coutts, A. J.; Le Meur, Y. Functional Overreaching: The Key to Peak Performance during the Taper? Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Vol. 46. Num. 9. 2014. p. 1769-1777.
-Billaut, F.; Bishop, D. J.; Schaerz, S.; Noakes, T. D. Influence of knowledge of sprint number on pacing during repeated-sprint exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Vol. 43. Num. 4. 2011. p. 665-672.
-Billat, V. L. Interval training for performance: A scientific and empirical practice special recommendations for middle-and long-distance running. partI: aerobic interval training. Sports Medicine. Vol. 31. Num. 1. 2001. p. 13-31.
-Breil, F. A.; Weber, S. N.; Koller, S.; Hoppeler, H.; Vogt, M. Block training periodization in alpine skiing: effects of 11-day HIT on VO2max and performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology. Vol. 109. Num. 6. 2010. p. 1077-1086.
-Burgomaster, K. A.; Hughes, S. C.; Heigenhauser, G. J.; Bradwell, S. N.; Gibala, M. J. Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. Vol. 98. Num. 6. 2005. p. 1985-1990.
-Chapman, A. R.; Vicenzino, B.; Blanch, P.; Hodges, P. W. Patterns of leg muscle recruitment vary between novice and highly trained cyclists. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. Vol. 18. Num. 3. 2008. p. 359-371.
-Clark, B.; Costa, V. P.; O'Brien, B. J.; Guglielmo, L. G.; Paton, C. D. Effects of a seven day overload-period of high-intensity training on performance and physiology of competitive cyclists. PLoS One. Vol. 9. Num. 12. 2014. p. e115308.
-Costa, V. P.; de Lucas, R. D.; Souza, K. M.; Guglielmo, L. G. A. Efeitos do treinamento intervalado em variáveis fisiológicas e na performance de ciclistas competitivos. Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte. Vol. 7. Num. 2. 2014. p. 83-89.
-Costa, V. P.; Guglielmo, L. G. A.; Paton, C. D. Reproducibility and validity of the PowerCal device for estimating power output during sprints in well-trained cyclists. Isokineticsand Exercise Science. Vol. 23. 2015. p. 127-132.
-Glaister, M.; Stone, M.H.; Stewart, A.M.; Hughes, M.; Moir, G. L. The influence of recovery duration on multiple sprint cycling performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. Vol. 19. Num. 4. 2005. p. 831-837.
-Gaitanos, G.; Williams, C.; Boobis, L. H.; Brooks, S. Human muscle metabolism during intermittent maximal exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. Vol. 75. Num. 2. 1993. p. 712-719.
-Gastin, P. B. Energy system interaction andrelative contribution during maximal exercise. Sports Medicine. Vol. 31. Num. 10. 2001. p. 725-741.
-Golden, C. L.; Dudley, G. A. Strength after bouts of eccentric or concentric actions. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Vol. 24. Num. 8. 1992. p. 926-933.
-Halson, S. L.; Bridge, M. W.; Meeusen, R.; Busschaert, B.; Gleeson, M.; Jones, D. A.; Jeulendrup, A. E. Time course of performance changes and fatigue markers during intensified training in trained cyclists. Journal of Applied Physiology. Vol. 93. 2002. p. 947-956.
-Hargreaves, M.; Spriet, L. Exercise Metabolism. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics, 2006.
-Issurin, V. B. New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization. Sports Medicine. Vol. 40. Num. 3. 2010. p. 189-206.
-Jeukendrup, A. E.; Hesselink, M. K.; Snyder, A. C.; Kuipers, H.; Keizer, H. A. Physiological changes in male competitive cyclists after two weeks of intensified training. International Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol. 13. 1992. p. 534-541.
-Jobson, S. A.; Passfield, L.; Atkinson, G.; Barton, G.; Scarf, P. The Analysis and Utilization of Cycling Training Data. Sports Medicine. Num. 39. Vol. 10. 2009. p. 833-844.
-Komi, P. V.; Viitasalo, J. T. Changes in motor unit activity and metabolism in human skeletal muscle during and after repeated eccentric and concentric contractions. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. Vol. 100. Num. 2. 1977. p. 246-254.
-Kuipers, H.; Verstappen, F. T.; Keizer, H. A.; Geurten, P.; van Kranenburg, G. Variability of aerobic performance in the laboratory and its physiologic correlates. International Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol. 6. Num. 4. 1985. p. 197-201.
-Laursen, P. B.; Jenkins, D. G. The scientific basis for high-intensity interval training: optimising training programmes and maximising performance in highly trained endurance athletes. Sports Medicine. Vol. 32. Num. 1. 2002. p. 53-73.
-MacDougall, J. D.; Hicks, A. L.; MacDonald, J. R.; McKelvie, R. S.; Green, H. J.; Smith, K. M. Muscle performance and enzymatic adaptations to sprint interval training. Journal of Applied Physiology. Vol. 84. Num. 6. 1998. p. 2138-2142.
-Meeusen, R.; Duclos, M.; Gleeson, M.; Rietjens, G.; Steinacker, J.; Urhausenfe, A. Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: ECSS Position Statement Task Force. European Journal of Sport Science. Vol. 6. Núm. 1. 2006. p. 1-14.
-Mujika, I. Quantification of Training and Competition Loads in Endurance Sports: Methods and Applications. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. Vol. 5. 2016. p. 1-25.
-Newham, D. J.; McPhail, G.; Mills, K. R.; Edwards, R. H. Ultrastructural changes after concentric and eccentric contractions of human muscle. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. Vol. 61. Num. 1. 1983. p. 109-122.
-Parolin M. L.; Chesley, A.; Matsos, M. P.; Spriet, L. L.; Jones, N. L.; Heigenhauser, G. J. Regulation of skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase and PDH during maximal intermittent exercise. American Journal of Physiology. Vol. 277. Num. 5. 1999. p. E890-900.
-Parra, J.; Cadefau, J. A.; Rodas, G.; Amigó, N.; Cussó, R. The distribution of rest periods affects performance and adaptations of energy metabolism induced by high-intensity training in human muscle. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. Vol. 169. Num. 2. 2000. p. 157-165.
-Paton, C.; Hopkins, W. G. Effects of high-intensity training on performance and physiology of endurance athletes. Sportscience. Vol. 8. 2004. p. 25-40.
-Psilander, N.; Wang, L.; Westergren, J.; Tonkonogi. M.; Sahlin, K. Mitochondrial gene expression in elite cyclists: effects of high-intensity interval exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology. Vol. 110. Num. 3. 2010. p. 597-606.
-Rodas, G.; Ventura, J. L.; Cadefau, J. A.; Cussó, R.; Parra, J. A short training programme for the rapid improvement of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. European Journal of Applied Physiology. Vol. 82. Num. 5-6. 2000. p. 480-486.
-Roelands, B.; de Koning, J.;Foster, C.; Hettinga, F.; Meeusen, R. Neurophysiological determinants of theoretical concepts and mechanisms involved in pacing. Sports Medicine. Vol. 43. Num. 5. 2013. p. 301-311.
-Rønnestad, B. R.; Ellefsen, S.; Nygaard, H.; Zacharoff, E. E.; Vikmoen, S.; Hansen, J.; Hallén, J. Effects of 12 weeks of block periodization on performance and performance indices in well‐trained cyclists. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. Vol. 24. Num. 2. 2014. p. 327-335.
-Rønnestad, B. R.; Hansen, J.; Ellefsen, S. Block periodization of high-intensity aerobic intervals provides superior training effects in trained cyclists. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. Vol. 24. Num. 1. 2014. p. 34-42.
-Swart, J.; Lamberts, R. P.; Derman, W.; Lambert, M. I. Effects of high-intensity training by heart rate or power in well-trained cyclists. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. Vol. 23. 2009. p. 619-625.
-Wittekind, A. L.; Micklewright, D.; Beneke, R. Teleoanticipation in all-out short-duration cycling. British Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol. 45. Num. 2. 2011. p. 114-119.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
