Influence of muscle fatigue in electromechanical delay: a systematic review
Abstract
The electromechanical delay (EMD) is the latency between the beginningofthe nerve stimulationand mobilization of the joint, its duration is related the occurrence of injuries. Although well studied, there are no review studies that confirm the probable relation between muscle fatigue and EMD. The aim of this review is to verifythe influence of muscle fatigue on electromechanical delay during voluntary contractions in healthy subjects. Studies was searched the following databases: MEDLINE,through PUBMED, LILACS, CINAHL, SCOPUS and WEB OF SCIENCE using the keywords "electromechanical delay AND muscle fatigue". Experimental studies that examined the influence of muscle fatigue in electromechanical retarded were selected, there was no restriction on the age, gender or muscle. The results showed that most of the samples consisted of young people of both sexes until thirty years. The isometric contraction of the quadriceps muscle was the main method used to assess EMD, due to the great predisposition of knee to injuries. Of the nineteen studies, fifteen showed EMD increased after muscle fatigue protocol. This occurs by the influence of fatigue in the physiological mechanisms that cause EMD as, for example, the loss of tension of the elastic components in series and the delay in the excitation-contraction coupling. In conclusion, it is evident that muscle fatigue increases the latency of electromechanical delay during voluntary muscle contractions in healthy subjects of both sexes.
References
-Ayala, F.; Ste Croix, M. De.; Sainz De Baranda, P.; Santonja, F. Inter-session reliability and sex-related differences in hamstrings total reaction time, pre-motor time and motor time duringeccentric isokinetic contractions in recreational athlete. Journal of electromyography and kinesiology. Vol. 24. Num. 2. 2014. p. 200-206.
-Blackburn, J. T.; Bell, D. R.; Norcross, M. F.; Hudson, J. D.; Engstrom, L. A. Comparison of hamstring neuromechanical properties between healthy males and females and the influence of musculotendinous stiffness. Journal of electromyography and kinesiology. Vol. 19. Num. 5. 2009. p. 362-369.
-Cavanagh, P. R.; Komi, P. V. Electromechanical delay in human skeletal muscle under concentric and eccentric contractions. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. Vol. 42. Num. 3. 1979. p. 159-163.
-Cè, E.; Rampichini, S.; Agnello, L.; e colaboradores. Effects of temperature and fatigue on the electromechanical delay components. Muscle & nerve. Vol. 47. Num. 4. 2013. p. 566-576.
-Chan, A. Y.; Lee, F. L.; Wong, P. K.; Wong, C. Y.; Yeung, S. S. Effects of knee joint angles and fatigue on the neuromuscular control of vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscle in humans. European journal of applied physiology. Vol. 84. Num. 1-2. 2001. p. 36-41.
-Conchola, E. C.; Thompson, B. J.; Smith, D. B. Effects of neuromuscular fatigue on the electromechanical delay of the leg extensors and flexors inyoung and old men. European journal of applied physiology. Vol. 113. Num. 9. 2013. p. 2391-2399.
-Crozara, L. F.; Morcelli, M. H.; Marques, N. R.; e colaboradores. Motor readiness and joint torque production in lower limbs of older women fallers and non-fallers. Journal of electromyography and kinesiology. Vol. 23. Num. 5. 2013. p. 1131-1138.
-Dieën, J. Van.; Thissen, C.; Ven, A. Van De.; Toussaint, H. The electro-mechanical delay of the erector spinae muscle: influence of rate of force development, fatigue and electrode location. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. Vol. 63. 1991. p. 216-222.
-Esposito, F.; Limonta, E.; Cè, E. Passivestretching effects on electromechanical delay and time course of recovery in human skeletal muscle: new insights from an electromyographic and mechanomyographic combined approach. European journal of applied physiology. Vol. 111. Num. 3. 2011. p.485-495.
-Ferreira, M. A. R.; Vencesbrito, A. M. Sex differences in electromechanical delay during a punch movement. Perceptual and motor skills. Vol. 115. Num. 1. 2012. p. 228-240.
-Granata, K. P.; Ikeda, A. J.; Abel, M. F. Electromechanical delay and reflex response in spastic cerebral palsy. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. Vol. 81. Num. 7. 2000. p. 888-894.
-Green, H. J. Mechanisms of muscle fatigue in intense exercise. Journal of sports sciences. Vol. 15. Num. 3. 1997. p. 247-256.
-Grosset, J.-F.; Piscione, J.; Lambertz, D.; Pérot, C. Paired changes in electromechanical delay and musculo-tendinous stiffness after endurance or plyometric training. European journal of applied physiology. Vol. 105. Num. 1. 2009. p. 131-139.
-Hall, S. J. Biomecânica Básica. 6aed. Guanabara Koogan. 2009. p. 464.
-Hamill, J.; Knutzen, K. M.; Ribeiro, L. B.; Barbanti, V. J. Bases biomecânicas do movimento humano. 3a ed. Manole. 2012. p. 528.
-Hannah, R.; Minshull, C.; Smith, S. L.; Folland, J. P. Longer Electromechanical Delay Impairs Hamstrings Explosive Force versus Quadriceps. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. Vol. 46. Num. 5. 2014. p. 963-972.
-Jouanin, J.-C.; Pérès, M.; Ducorps, A.; Renault, B. A dynamic network involving M1-S1, SII-insular, medial insular, and cingulate cortices controls muscular activity during an isometric contraction reaction time task. Human brain mapping. Vol. 30. Num. 2. 2009. p. 675-688.
-Kirkendall, D. T. Mechanisms of peripheral fatigue. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. Vol .22. Num. 4. 1990. p. 444-449.
-Kubo, K.; Kanehisa, H.; Kawakami, Y.; Fukunaga, T. Effects of repeated muscle contractions on the tendon structures in humans. European journal of applied physiology. Vol. 84. Num. 1-2. 2001. p. 162-166.
-Laroche, D. P.; Cremin, K. A.; Greenleaf, B.; Croce, R. V. Rapid torque development in older female fallers and nonfallers: a comparison across lower-extremity muscles. Journal of electromyography and kinesiology. Vol. 20. Num. 3. 2010. p. 482-488.
-Linford, C. W.; Hopkins, J. T.; Schulthies, S. S.; e colaboradores. Effects of neuromuscular training on the reaction time and electromechanical delay of the peroneus longus muscle. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. Vol. 87. Num. 3. 2006. p. 395-401.
-Maganaris, C. N. Tensile properties of in vivo human tendinous tissue. Journal of biomechanics. Vol. 35. Num. 8. 2002. p. 1019-1027.
-Mcginty, G.; Irrgang, J. J.; Pezzullo, D. Biomechanical considerations for rehabilitation of the knee. Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). Vol. 15. Num. 3. 2000. p. 160-166.
-Mercer, T. H.; Gleeson, N. P.; Claridge, S.; Clement, S. Prolonged intermittent high intensity exercise impairs neuromuscular performance of the knee flexors. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. Vol. 77. Num. 6. 1998. p. 560-562.
-Minshull, C.; Eston, R.; Bailey, A.; Rees, D.; Gleeson, N. Repeated exercise stress impairs volitional but not magnetically evoked electromechanical delay ofthe knee flexors. Journal of sports sciences. Vol 30. Num. 2. 2012a. p. 217-225.
-Minshull, C.; Eston, R.; Rees, D.; Gleeson, N. Knee joint neuromuscular activation performance during muscle damage and superimposed fatigue. Journal of sports sciences. Vol. 30. Num. 10. 2012b. p. 1015-1024.
-Minshull, C.; Gleeson, N.; Walters-Edwards, M.; Eston, R.; Rees, D. Effects of acute fatigue on the volitional and magnetically-evoked electromechanical delay of the knee flexors in males and females. European journal of applied physiology. Vol. 100. Num. 4. 2007. p. 469-478.
-Minshull, C.; James, L. The effects of hypohydration and fatigue on neuromuscular activation performance. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism. Vol. 38. Num. 1. 2013. p. 21-26.
-Nordez, A.; Gallot, T.; Catheline, S.; e colaboradores. Electromechanical delay revisited using very high frame rate ultrasound. Journal of applied physiology. Vol. 106. Num. 6. 2009. p. 1970-1975.
-Pääsuke, M.; Ereline, J.; Gapeyeva, H. Neuromuscular fatigue during repeated exhaustive submaximal static contractions of knee extensor muscles in endurance-trained, power-trained and untrained men. Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Vol. 166. Num. 4. 1999. p. 319-326.
-Sahlin, K.; Seger, J. Y. Effects of prolonged exercise on the contractile properties of human quadriceps muscle. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. Vol. 71. Num. 2-3. 1995. p. 180-186.
-Sales, R. P.; Miné, C. E. C.; Franco, A. D.; e colaboradores. Efeitos da suplementação aguda de aspartato de arginina na fadiga muscular em voluntários treinados. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. Vol. 11. Num. 6. 2005. p. 347-351.
-Silva, B. A. R. S.; Martizez, F. G.; Pacheco, A. M.; Pacheco, I. Efeitos da fadiga muscular induzida por exercícios no tempo de reação muscular dos fibulares em indivíduos sadios. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. Vol. 12. Num. 2. 2006. p. 85-89.
-Sirca, A.; Kostevc, V. The fibre type composition of thoracic and lumbar paravertebral muscles in man. Journal of anatomy. Vol. 141. 1985. p. 131-137.
-Taylor, A. D.; Bronks, R.; Smith, P.; Humphries, B. Myoelectric evidence of peripheral muscle fatigue during exercise in severe hypoxia: some references to m. vastus lateralis myosin heavy chain composition. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. Vol. 75. Num. 2. 1997. p. 151-159.
-Viitasalo, J. T.; Komi, P. V. EMG, reflux and reaction time components, muscle structure, and fatigue during intermittent isometric contractions in man. International Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol. 1. Num. 4. 1980. p. 185-190.
-Vint, P. F.; Mclean, S. P.; Harron, G. M. Electromechanical delay in isometric actions initiated from nonresting levels. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. Vol. 33. Num. 6. 2001. p. 978-983.
-Vos, E. J.; Harlaar, J.; Ingen Schenau, G. J. Van. Electromechanical delay during knee extensor contractions. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. Vol. 23. Num. 10. 1991. p. 1187-1193.
-Yeung, S. S.; Au, A. L.; Chow, C. C. Effects of fatigue on the temporal neuromuscular control of vastus medialis muscle in humans. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. Vol. 80. Num. 4. 1999. p. 379-385.
-Zhou, S. Acute effect of repeated maximal isometric contraction on electromechanical delay of knee extensor muscle. Journal of electromyography and kinesiology. Vol. 6. Num. 2. 1996. p. 117-127.
-Zhou, S.; Carey, M. F.; Snow, R. J.; Lawson, D. L.; Morrison, W. E. Effects of muscle fatigue and temperature on electromechanical delay. Electromyography and clinical neurophysiology. Vol. 38. Num. 2. 1998. p. 67-73.
-Zhou, S.; Mckenna, M. J.; Lawson, D. L.; Morrison, W. E.; Fairweather, I. Effects of fatigue and sprint training on electromechanical delay of knee extensor muscles. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. Vol. 72. Num. 5-6. 1996. p. 410-416.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
