Respuestas cardiovasculares al esfuerzo máximo: efectos vasodilatadores e hipotensores

  • Alexandre Fontana Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFGRS)
  • Natália Schneider Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFGRS)
Palabras clave: Respuesta cardiovascular al ejercicio de fuerza, Interacción cardiovascular sistémica, Hipotensión post-ejercicio, Vasodilatación inducida por el ejercicio, Ejercicio de maximo esfuerzo

Resumen

Las respuestas cardiovasculares a los ejercicios de resistencia están bien documentadas en la literatura, sin embargo, las respuestas a estas variables aún son escasas cuando se trata de ejercicios realizados en un dinamómetro isocinético. Objetivo: Evaluar las respuestas cardiovasculares agudas en un ejercicio isocinético de ejercicio máximo, junto con una breve revisión de los mecanismos interferentes, vasodilatadores e hipotensores. Métodos: 15 sujetos (hombres, 22,5 ± 1,7 años, 74,3 ± 6 kg, media ± DE), practicantes de ejercicios de fuerza de alta intensidad. El ejercicio consistió en tres series unilaterales de extensión y flexión de rodilla en un dinamómetro isocinético bajo una velocidad angular de 180°/segundo, la primera serie tuvo una duración de 45 segundos, la segunda de 30 segundos y la tercera de 15 segundos, todas realizadas con el máximo esfuerzo y con un descanso de dos minutos entre series. Resultados: cambio significativo en la frecuencia cardíaca en la fase de recuperación, donde los valores fueron muy superiores a los de reposo (p=0,0012), incluso después de diez minutos de seguimiento post-ejercicio. La presión arterial diastólica presentó diferencia significativa (p=0,0426) en relación al reposo, destacándose la hipotensión. Conclusión: Tal caída de presión en la fase de recuperación permite decir que hubo una respuesta hipotensora diastólica aislada al esfuerzo y que la permanencia de la frecuencia cardíaca elevada en esta fase fue para mantener el gasto cardíaco aumentando el retorno venoso. Esta situación se explica fisiológicamente por los mecanismos cardiovasculares que presentan interferencias hipotensoras y vasodilatadoras.

Biografía del autor/a

Alexandre Fontana, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFGRS)

Especialista em Fisiologia do Exercí­cio pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Natália Schneider, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFGRS)

Especialista em Fisiologia do Exercí­cio pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Citas

-Ballard, H.J. ATP and adenosine in the regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise. Sheng li xue bao. Acta physiologica Sinica. Vol. 66. Num. 1. 2014. p. 67-78.

-Boushel, R.; Langberg, H.; Gemmer C.; Olesen, J.; Crameri, R.; Scheede, C.; Kjær, M. Combined inhibition of nitric oxide and prostaglandins reduces human skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise. The Journal of physiology. Vol 543. Num. 2. 2002. p. 691-698.

Brito, A.F.; Oliveira, C.V.C.; Santos, M.D.S.B.; Santos, A.D.C. High‐intensity exercise promotes postexercise hypotension greater than moderate intensity in elderly hypertensive individuals. Clinical physiology and functional imaging. Vol. 34. Num. 2. 2014. p.126-132.

-Burnstock, G. Noradrenaline and ATP as cotransmitters insympathetic nerves. Neurochemistry international. Vol. 17. Num. 2. 1990. p. 357-368.

-Carvalho, R.S.T.D.; Pires, C.M.R.; Junqueira, G.C.; Freitas, D.; Marchi-Alves, L.M. Hypotensive response magnitude and duration in hypertensives: continuous and interval exercise. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia. Vol. 104. Num. 3. 2015. p. 234-241.

-Corr, L.; Burnstock, G. Analysis of P2-purinoceptor subtypes on the smooth muscle and endothelium of rabbit coronary artery. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology. Vol. 23. Num. 5. 1994. p.709-715.

-Costa, F.; Heusinkveld, J.; Ballog, R.; Davis, S.; Biaggioni, I. Estimation of skeletal muscle interstitial adenosine during forearm dynamic exercise in humans. Hypertension. Vol. 35. Num. 5. 2000. p. 1124-1128.

-Eterovico, D.; Wisloff, U. Postexercise hypotension in moderately trained athletes after maximal exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Vol. 38. Num. 2. 2006. p. 318-322.

-Fadel, P.J. Reflex control of the circulation during exercise. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. Vol. 25. Num. 4. 2015. p. 74-82.

-Falkel, J.E.; Steven, J.F.; Thomas, F.M. Comparison of Central Hemodynamics Between Powerlifters and Bodybuilders During Resistance Exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. Vol. 6. Num. 1. 1992. p. 24-35.

-Fleck, S.J. Cardiovascular adaptations to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Vol. 20. Num. 5. 1988. p. 146-151.

-Gomes OM. Applied Cardiovascular Physiology. Belo Horizonte (MG). Edicor. 2005. p. 606.

-Harrington, L.S.; Evans, R.J.; Wray, J.; Norling, L.; Swales, K. E.; Vial, C.; Mitchell, J. A. Purinergic 2X1 receptors mediate endothelial dependent vasodilation to ATP. Molecular pharmacology. Vol. 72. Num. 5. 2007. p. 1132-1136.

-Hellsten, Y.; Maclean, D.; Rådegran, G.; Saltin, B.; Bangsbo, J. Adenosine concentrations in the interstitium of resting and contracting human skeletal muscle. Circulation. Vol. 98. Num. 1. 1998. p. 6-8.

-Higginbotham, M.B. Cardiac performance during submaximal and maximalexercise in healthy persons. Heart failure. Vol. 4. Num. 1. 1988. p. 68-76.

Kenney, M.J.; Douglas, R.S. Postexercise hypotension. Key features, mechanisms, and clinical significance. Hypertension. Vol. 22. Num. 5. 1993. p. 653-664.

-Kenney, W.L.; Wilmore, J.; Costill, D. Physiology of Sport and Exercise. 6ª Edição. USA. Human kinetics. 2015. p. 627.

-Kille, J.M.; Klabunde, R.E. Adenosine as a mediator of postcontraction hyperemia in dog gracilis muscle. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. Vol. 246. Num. 2. 1984. p. 274-282.

-Kraemer, W.J.; Adams, K., Cafarelli, E.; Dudley, G.A., Dooly, C., Feigenbaum, M.S.; Newton, R.U. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Vol. 34. Num. 2. 2002. p. 364-380.

-Langberg, H.; Bjørn, C.; Boushel, R.; Hellsten, Y.; Kjaer, M. Exercise‐induced increase in interstitial bradykinin and adenosine concentrations in skeletal muscle and peritendinous tissue in humans. The Journal of physiology. Vol. 542. Num. 3. 2002. p. 977-983.

-Lott, M.E.J.; Hogeman, C.S.; Vickery, L.; Kunselman, A.R.; Sinoway, L.I.; MacLean, D.A. Effects of dynamic exercise on mean blood velocity and muscle interstitial metabolite responses in humans. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. Vol. 50. Num. 4. 2001. p. 1734.

-Lynge, J.; Carsten, J.; Ylva, H. Extracellular formation and uptake of adenosine during skeletal muscle contraction in the rat:role of adenosine transporters. The Journal of physiology. Vol. 537. Num. 2. 2001. p. 597-605.

-MacDonald, J.R. Potential causes, mechanisms, and implications of post exercise hypotension. Journal of human hypertension. Vol. 16. Num. 4. 2002. p. 225.

-MacDougall, J.D.; Tuxen, D.S.D.G.; Sale, D.G.; Moroz, J.R.; Sutton, J.R. Arterial blood pressure response to heavy resistance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. Vol. 58. Num. 3. 1985. p. 785-790.

-Maughan, R., Gleeson, M., Greenhaff, P.L. Bioquímica do Exercício e Treinamento. Barueri (SP). Manole. 2000. p. 240.

-McCartney, N.; McKelvie, R.S.; Martin, J.; Sale, D.G.; MacDougall, J.D. Weight-training-induced attenuation of the circulatory response of older males to weight lifting. Journal of applied physiology. Vol. 74. Num. 3. 1993. p. 1056-1060.

-Michelini, L.C.; O'Leary, D.S.; Raven, P.B.; Nóbrega, A.C. Neural control of circulation and exercise: a translational approach disclosing interactions between central command, arterial baroreflex, and muscle metaboreflex. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. Vol. 309. Num. 3. 2015. p. 381-392.

-Miles, D.S.; Owens, J.J.; Golden, J.C.; Gotshall, R.W. Central and peripheral hemodynamics during maximal leg extension exercise. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. Vol. 56. Num. 1. 1987. p. 12-17.

-Mitchell, J.H. Neural control of the circulation during exercise: insights from the 1970-1971 Oxford studies. Experimental physiology. Vol. 97. Num. 1. 2012. p. 14-19.

-Mortensen, S.P.; Nyberg, M.; Thaning, P.; Saltin, B.; Hellsten, Y. Adenosine contributes to blood flow regulation in the exercising human leg by increasing prostaglandin and nitric oxide formation. Hypertension. Vol. 53. Num. 6. 2009a. p. 993-999.

-Mortensen, S.P.; González-Alonso, J.; Bune, L.T.; Saltin, B.; Pilegaard, H.; Hellsten, Y. ATP-induced vasodilation and purinergic receptors in the human leg: roles of nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and adenosine. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. Vol. 296. Num. 4. 2009b. p. 1140-1148.

-Murrant, C.L.; Ingrid, H.S. Multiple dilator pathways in skeletal muscle contraction-induced arteriolar dilations. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. Vol. 282. Num. 4. 2002. p. 969-978.

-Nyberg, M.; Mortensen, S.P.; Thaning, P.; Saltin, B.; Hellsten, Y. Interstitial and plasma adenosine stimulate nitric oxide and prostacyclin formation in human skeletal muscle. Hypertension. Vol. 56. Num. 6. 2010. p. 1102-1108.

-Overend, T.J.; Lalonde, M.; Rozycki, S.; Vandervoort, A.A. Cardiovascular Responses To Maximal Isokinetic Exercise In Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Vol. 33. Num. 5. 2001. p. 110.

-Overend, T.J.; Versteegh, T.H.; Thompson, E.; Birmingham, T.B.; Vandervoort, A.A. Cardiovascular stress associated with concentric and eccentric isokinetic exercise in young and older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. Vol. 55. Num. 4. 2000. p. 177-182.

-Queiroz, A.C.C.; Kanegusuku, H.; Chehuen, M.R.; Costa, L.A.R.; Wallerstein, L.F.; da Silva, V.D.; Forjaz, C.L.M. Cardiac work remains high after strength exercise in elderly. International journal of sports medicine. Vol. 34. Num. 5. 2013. p. 391-397.

-Rådegran, G.; Calbet, J.A.L. Role of adenosine in exercise‐induced human skeletal muscle vasodilatation. Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Vol. 171. Num. 2. 2001. p. 177-185.

-Rezk, C.C.; Marrache, R.C.B.; Tinucci, T.; Mion, D.; Forjaz, C.L.D.M. Post-resistance exercise hypotension, hemodynamics, and heart rate variability: influence of exercise intensity. European journal of applied physiology. Vol. 98. Num. 1. 2006. p. 105-112.

-Sale, D.G.; Moroz, D.E.; McKelvie, R.S.; MacDougall, J.D.; McCartney, N. Comparison of blood pressure response to isokinetic and weight-lifting exercise. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. Vol. 67. Num. 2. 1993. p. 115-120.

-Shryock, J.C.; Belardinelli, L. Adenosine and adenosine receptors in the cardiovascular system: biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology. The American journal of cardiology. Vol. 79. Num. 12. 1997. p. 2-10.

Publicado
2018-01-28
Cómo citar
Fontana, A., & Schneider, N. (2018). Respuestas cardiovasculares al esfuerzo máximo: efectos vasodilatadores e hipotensores. Revista Brasileña De Prescripción Y Fisiología Del Ejercicio, 11(71), 920-931. Recuperado a partir de https://www.rbpfex.com.br/index.php/rbpfex/article/view/1310
Sección
Artículos Científicos - Originales