Ejercicio agudo versus inmunosupresión: quizás solo otro mecanismo homeostático

  • Everson Araújo Nunes Laboratório de metabolismo celular, Departamento de Fisiologia - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba - PR, Brasil. Professor Convidado dos Cursos de Pós-Graduação em Educação Fí­sica e Nutrição - Universidade Gama Filho
  • Luiz Cláudio Fernandes Professor Convidado dos Cursos de Pós-Graduação em Educação Fí­sica e Nutrição - Universidade Gama Filho
Palabras clave: Inmunologia, Actividad física, Antiinflamatorio, SNTI, Citoquinas

Resumen

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es discutir las conclusiones de múltiples estudios realizados hasta el momento, principalmente relacionados con las respuestas agudas del ejercicio intenso sobre la función inmune. En líneas generales, las conclusiones de estos estudios destacan los efectos negativos de la carga de estrés que ejerce el ejercicio sobre la inmunidad de los deportistas, recreativos o de élite, llevando en consecuencia a estos individuos a una mayor predisposición a las infecciones de las vías respiratorias superiores (ITRS). . Estudios recientes han arrojado nueva luz sobre los hallazgos de infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior, que curiosamente parecen no estar, en su mayor parte, asociadas con agentes patógenos, caracterizando erróneamente el término "infección". Así, los especialistas en el tema proponen que los signos que presentan estos individuos se denominen síntomas tipo URTI, ya que pueden estar relacionados con la inflamación aséptica de las vías respiratorias superiores y no con la infección per se. Futuros trabajos que corroboren esta información pueden, por tanto, abrir una nueva visión y perspectiva sobre los llamados efectos “inmunosupresores” o “antiinflamatorios” del ejercicio físico. Desde esta nueva perspectiva, se puede sugerir que estos efectos son, de hecho, mecanismos de homeostasis inmunitaria que evitan la destrucción de tejidos sanos por mecanismos inmunitarios desencadenados por señales de estrés liberadas durante el ejercicio. Esta nueva discusión es necesaria debido a la falta de comprensión completa de los mecanismos y propósitos involucrados en los cambios que ocurren en los números, proporciones y funcionamiento de las células y especies moleculares con función inmune, durante y después del ejercicio físico.

Citas

- Akerstrom, T.C.; Steensberg, A.; Keller, P.; Keller, C.; Penkowa, M.; Pedersen, B.K. Exercise induces interleukin-8 expression in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2005; 563, 507–16.

- Akira, S. Toll-like Receptor Signaling. Toll-like receptor signaling. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 3;278(40):38105-8.

- Asea, A. Stress Proteins and Initiation of Immune Response: Chaperokine activity of Hsp72. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2005;11:34-45.

- Bermon, S. Airway inflammation and upper respiratory tract infection in athletes: is there alink? Exerc Immunol Rev. 2007;13:6-14.

- Bonsignore, M.R.; Morici, G.; Riccobono, L.; Insalaco, G.; Bonanno, A.; Profita, M.; Paternò, A.; Vassalle, C.; Mirabella, A.; Vignola, A.M. Airway inflammation in nonasthmatic amateur runners. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001 Sep;281(3):L668-76.

- Bonsignore, M.R.; Morici, G.; Riccobono, L.; Profita, M.; Bonanno, A.; Paternò, A.; Di Giorgi, R.; Chimenti, L.; Abate, P.; Mirabella, F.; Maurizio Vignola, A.; Bonsignore, G. Airway Cells after Swimming Outdoors or in the Sea in Nonasthmatic Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(7):1146-52..

- Cox, A.J.; Gleeson, M.; Pyne, D.B.; Callister, R.; Hopkins, W.G.; Fricker, P.A. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of upper respiratory symptoms in elite athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2008;18(5):438-45.

- Cox, A.J.; Pyne, D.B.; Saunders, P.U.; Callister, R.; Gleeson, M. Cytokine Responses to Treadmill Running in Healthy and Illness-Prone Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(11):1918-26.

- Davis, J.M.; Murphy, E.A.; Brown, A.S.; Carmichael, M.D.; Ghaffar, A.; Mayer, E.P. Effects of moderate exercise and oat beta-glucan on innate immune function and susceptibility to respiratory infection. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004a;286(2):R366-72.

- Davis, J.M.; Murphy, E.A.; Brown, A.S.; Carmichael, M.D.; Ghaffar, A.; Mayer, E.P. Effects of oat beta-glucan on innate immunity and infection after exercise stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004b;36:1321-27.

- Davis, M.S.; Schofield, B.; Freed, A.N. Repeated Peripheral Airway Hyperpnea Causes Inflammation and Remodeling in Dogs. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(4):608-16.

- Ekblom, B.; Ekblom, O.; Malm, C. Infectious episodes before and after a marathon race. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006;16: 287-93.

- Febbraio, M.A.; Mesa, J.L.; Chung, J.; Steensberg, A.; Keller, C.; Nielsen, H.B.; Krustrup, P.; Ott, P.; Secher, N.H.; Pedersen, B.K. Glucose ingestion attenuates the exercise-induced increase in circulating heat shock protein 72 and heat shock protein 60 in humans. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2004; 9 (4): 390-6.

- Febbraio, M.A.; Ott, P.; Nielsen, H.B.; Steensberg, A.; Keller, C.; Krustrup, P.; Secher, N.H.; Pedersen, B.K. Exercise induces hepatosplanchnic release of heat shock protein 72 in humans. J Physiol 2002;544: 957-62.

- Febbraio, M.A.; Steensberg, A.; Keller, C.; Starkie, R.L.; Nielsen, H.B.; Krustrup, P.; Ott, P., Secher, N.H.; Pedersen, B.K. Glucose ingestion attenuates interleukin-6 release from contracting skeletal muscle in humans. J Physiol. 2003;1;549(Pt 2):607-12.

- Febbraio, M.A.; Steensberg, A.; Walsh, R.; Koukoulas, I.; van Hall, G.; Saltin, B.; Pedersen, B.K. Reduced glycogen availability is associated with an elevation in HSP72 in contracting human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2002;1;538(Pt 3):911-7.

- Fehrenbach, E.; Niess, A.M.; Voelker, K.; Northoff, H.; Mooren, F.C. Exercise intensity and duration affect blood soluble HSP72. Int J Sports Med 2005;26: 552-7.

- Fischer, C.P. Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance? Exerc Immunol Rev. 2006;12: 6-33.

- Fischer, C.P.; Hiscock, N.J.; Basu, S.; Vessby, B.; Kallner, A.; Sjöberg, L.B.; Febbraio, M.A.; Pedersen, B.K. Vitamin E isoform-specific inhibition of the exercise-induced heat shock protein 72 expression in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100(5):1679-87.

- Fischer, C.P.; Hiscock, N.J.; Penkowa, M.; Basu, S.; Vessby, B.; Kallner, A.; Sjöberg, L.B.; Pedersen, B.K. Supplementation with vitamins C and E inhibits the release of interleukin-6 from contracting human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2004;15;558(Pt 2):633-45.

- Fitzgerald, L. Overtraining increases the susceptibility to infection. Int. J Sports Med 1991; 12(Suppl 1):S5-8.

- Gleeson, M. Immune function in sport and exercise. J Appl Physiol 2007;103(2):693-9.

- Gleeson, M.; McFarlin, B.; Flynn, M. Exercise and Toll-like receptors. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2006;12:34-53.

- Gleeson, M.; Pyne, D.B.; Austin, J.P.; Lynn Francis, J.; Clancy, R.L.; McDonald, W.A.; Fricker, P.A. Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and upper-respiratory illness in elite swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:411-17.

- Green, K.J.; Croaker, S.J.; Rowbottom, D.G. Carbohydrate supplementation and exercise-induced changes in T-lymphocyte function. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95(3):1216-23.

- Hanley, D.F. Medical care of the US Olympic Team. JAMA 1976;236:147-8.

- Heath, G.W.; Ford, E.S.; Craven, T.E.; Macera, C.A.; Jackson, K.L.; Pate, R.R. Exercise and the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991;23:152-7.

- Ibfelt, T.; Petersen, E.W.; Bruunsgaard, H.; Sandmand, M.; Pedersen, B.K. Exercise-induced change in type 1 cytokine-producing CD8+ T cells is related to a decrease in memory T cells. J Appl Physiol 2002;93: 645–48.

- Johnson, J.D.; Campisi, J.; Sharkey, C.M.; Kennedy, S.L.; Nickerson, M.; Fleshner, M. Adrenergic receptors mediate stress-induced elevations in extracellular Hsp72. J Appl Physiol 2005;99: 1789-95.

- Jokl, E. The immunological status of athletes. J Sports Med. Phys. Fitness. 1974;14:165-7.

- Lancaster, G.I.; Febbraio, M.A. Mechanisms of stress-induced cellular HSP72 release: implications for exercise-induced increases in extracellular HSP72. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2005;11:46-52.

- Lancaster, G.I.; Halson, S.L.; Khan, Q.; Drysdale, P.; Jeukendrup, A.E.; Drayson, M.T.; Gleeson, M. The effects of acute exhaustive exercise and intensified training on type 1/type 2 T cell distribution and cytokine production. Exerc Immunol Rev 2004;10: 91-106.

- Lancaster, G.I.; Jentjens, R.L.; Moseley, L.; Jeukendrup, A.E.; Gleeson, M. Effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on plasma cytokine, stress hormone, and neutrophil degranulation responses to continuous, high-intensity exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003;13(4):436-53.

- Lancaster, G.I.; Khan, Q.; Drysdale, P.; Wallace, F.; Jeukendrup, A.E.; Drayson, M.T.; Gleeson, M. The physiological regulation of toll-like receptor expression and function in humans. J Physiol 2005a;563(3): 945-55.

- Lancaster, G.I.; Khan, Q.; Drysdale, P.T.; Wallace, F.; Jeukendrup, A.E.; Drayson, M.T.; Gleeson, M. Effect of prolonged strenuous exercise and carbohydrate ingestion on type 1 and type 2 T lymphocyte distribution and intracellular cytokine production in humans. J Appl Physiol 2005b;98: 565-71.

- Matthews, C.E.; Ockene, I.S.; Freedson, P.S.; Rosal, M.C.; Merriam, P.A.; Hebert, J.R. Moderate to vigorous physical activity and the risk of upper-respiratory tract infection. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;34: 1242-48.

- Matzinger, P. The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science. 2002; 12; 296(5566):301-5.

- McAnulty, S.; McAnulty, L.; Nieman, D.; Morrow, J.; Dumke, C.; Utter, A. Carbohydrate Effect: Hormone and Oxidative Changes. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(11):921-7.

- Mizoguchi, A.; Bhan, A.K. A Case for Regulatory B Cells. J Immunol. 2006 Jan 15;176(2):705-10.

- Mooren, F.C.; Blöming, D.; Lechtermann, A.; Lerch, M.M.; Völker, K. Lymphocyte apoptosis after exhaustive and moderate exercise. J Appl Physiol 2002;93:147–53.

- Morici, G.; Bonsignore, M.R.; Zangla, D.; Riccobono, L.; Profita, M.; Bonanno, A.; Paternò, A.; Di Giorgi, R.; Mirabella, F.; Chimenti, L.; Benigno, A.; Vignola, A.M.; Bellia, V.; Amato, G.; Bonsignore, G. Airway Cell Composition at Rest and after an All-out Test in Competitive Rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Oct;36(10):1723-9.

- Nagatomi, R. The implication of alterations in leukocyte subset counts on immune function. Exerc. Immunol. Rev. 2006;12: 54-71.

- Nieman, D.C. Exercise, infection and immunity. Int J Sports Med 1994;15: S131-41.

- Nieman, D.C.; Davis, J.M.; Brown, V.A.; Henson, D.A.; Dumke, C.L.; Utter, A.C.; Vinci, D.M.; Downs, M.F.; Smith, J.C.; Carson, J.; Brown, A.; McAnulty, S.R.; McAnulty, L.S. Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on immune changes after 2 h of intensive resistance training. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96(4):1292-8.

- Northoff, H.; Berg, A.; Weinstock, C. Similarities and differences of the immune response to exercise and trauma: the IFN-γconcept. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1998;76: 497-504.

- Pedersen, B.K.; Steensberg, A.; Fischer, C.; Keller, C.; Keller, P.; Plomgaard, P.; Wolsk-Petersen, E.; Febbraio, M. The metabolic role of IL-6 produced during exercise: is IL-6 an exercise factor? Proc Nutr Soc. 2004;63(2):263-7.

- Peters, E.M.; Goetzsche, J.M.; Grobbelaar, B.; Noakes, T.D. Vitamin C supplementation reduces the incidence of post-race symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in ultramarathon runners. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57: 170-4.

- Peters, E.M.; Goetzsche, J.M.; Joseph, L.E.; Noakes, T.D. Vitamin C as effective as combinations of anti-oxidant nutrients in reducing symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections in ultramarathon runners. S A J Sports Med 1996;11: 23-27.

- Petersen, A.M.; Pedersen, B.K. The role of IL-6 in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006;57 Suppl 10:43-51.

- Phillips, T.; Childs, A.C.; Dreon, D.M.; Phinney, S.; Leeuwenburgh, C. A Dietary Supplement Attenuates IL-6 and CRP after Eccentric Exercise in Untrained Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(12):2032-7.

- Quintana, F.J.; Cohen, I.R. Heat Shock Proteins as Endogenous Adjuvants in Sterile and Septic Inflammation. J Immunol. 2005;175(5):2777-82.

- Robson, P.J.; Blannin, A.K.; Walsh, N.P.; Castell, L.M.; Gleeson, M. Effects of exercise intensity, duration and recovery on in vitro neutrophil function in male athletes. Int J Sports Med 1999; 20: 128-35.

- Ronsen, O.; Pedersen, B.K.; Oritsland, T.R.; Bahr, R.; Kjeldsen-Kragh, J. Leukocyte counts and lymphocyte responsiveness associated with repeated bouts of strenuous endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol 2001;91:425-34.

- Shephard, R.J.; Shek, P.N. Effects of exercise and training on natural killer cell counts and cytolytic activity: a meta-analysis. Sports Med 1999;28: 177-95.

- Silva, A.I. da; Nunes, E.A. Contagem leucocitária em árbitros profissionais antes e após partidas oficiais de futebol. Fitness & Performance Journal 2006;5(2):65-69.

- Simpson, R.J.; Florida-James, G.D.; Cosgrove, C.; Whyte, G.P.; Macrae, S.; Pircher, H.; Guy, K. High-intensity exercise elicits the mobilization of senescent T lymphocytes into the peripheral blood compartment in human subjects. J Appl Physiol 2007;103: 396–401.

- Spence, L.; Brown, W.J.; Pyne, D.B.; Nissen, M.D.; Sloots, T.P.; McCormack, J.G.; Locke, A.S.; Fricker, PA. Incidence, etiology, and symptomatology of upper respiratory illness in elite athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(4):577-86.

- Taylor, A.; Verhagen, J.; Blaser, K.; Akdis, M.; Akdis, C.A. Mechanisms of immune suppression by interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-b: the role of T regulatory cells. Immunology. 2006;117(4):433-42.

- Tidball, J.G. Inflammatory processes in muscle injury and repair. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005;288: R345–53.

- Walsh, R.C.; Koukoulas, I.; Garnham, A.; Moseley, P.L.; Hargreaves, M.; Febbraio, M.A. Exercise increases serum Hsp72 in humans. Cell Stress Chaperones 2001;6: 386-93.

- Weidner, T.G.; Anderson, B.N.; Kaminsky, L.A.; Dick, E.C.; Schurr, T. Effect of a rhinovirus caused upper respiratory illness on pulmonary function test and exercise responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29:604–609.

Publicado
2011-12-28
Cómo citar
Nunes, E. A., & Fernandes, L. C. (2011). Ejercicio agudo versus inmunosupresión: quizás solo otro mecanismo homeostático. Revista Brasileña De Prescripción Y Fisiología Del Ejercicio, 3(15). Recuperado a partir de https://www.rbpfex.com.br/index.php/rbpfex/article/view/175
Sección
Artículos Científicos - Originales